COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE APPROACH TO ELECTRIC TRANSPORT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE EU AND UKRAINE

Abstract

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of approaches to the formation of an electric vehicle ecosystem in the European Union and Ukraine in the context of low-carbon development and decarbonization of the transport sector. The problem lies in the asymmetry of ecosystem development: the EU has a mature, integrated system, while Ukraine is only beginning this process against a backdrop of limited infrastructure, fragmented policies, and energy challenges. In the EU, the electric transport ecosystem is built on a comprehensive regulatory framework, in particular Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 on batteries, which sets requirements for the sustainability, circularity, and safety of batteries, ensuring their collection, reuse, and recycling. This regulation promotes integration with renewable energy sources (RES) through the use of batteries to store excess energy, which increases grid stability. The charging station infrastructure is expanding rapidly: 3 million public charging points are planned by 2030, with mandatory 150 kW points every 60 km along the TEN-T by 2025. Financial incentives include subsidies of up to €6,000, tax breaks (e.g., a 10-year exemption from transport tax in Germany), VAT discounts, and special depreciation for businesses. In 2025, EV market growth is expected due to stricter CO2 regulations, despite a temporary slowdown in 2024. In Ukraine, the electric vehicle market is growing rapidly: 47,307 units were registered in the first eight months of 2025, with a market forecast of $319.9 million and a CAGR of 5.17% until 2030. However, infrastructure remains limited, government support is fragmented, and energy instability due to the war complicates integration with renewable energy sources and the circular battery economy. Positive steps include the Climate Policy Act (2024), an interactive map of charging locations from the Ministry of Energy, and regional initiatives for equipment production. However, the abolition of tax breaks could increase prices by 30–35%, threatening the affordability of EVs. Recommendations: introduction of similar battery regulations, expansion of infrastructure with RES integration, preservation and strengthening of financial incentives, development of international cooperation. This will allow Ukraine to move closer to European standards, accelerate decarbonisation and ensure sustainable economic growth in the context of European integration.